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2012
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Bair, E.H., R. Simenhois, A. van Herwijnen, K.W. Birkeland, and J. Dozier. 2012. Storm snow avalanches: Characteristics and forecasting. Proceedings of the 2012 International Snow Science Workshop, Anchorage, Alaska. [ Article]
Birkeland, K.W. 2012. Crust thoughts. The Avalanche Review 30(3), 1, 20. [ Article]
Birkeland, K.W. and D. Chabot. 2012. Changes in stability test usage by SnowPilot users. Proceedings of the 2012 International Snow Science Workshop, Anchorage, Alaska. [ Article]
Birkeland, K.W. and T. Meiners. 2012. Thompson Pass weather station supports research and forecasting. The Avalanche Review 30(3), 11. [ Article]
Birkeland, K.W. and A. van Herwijnen. 2012. Using high speed video to better understand extended column tests. Proceedings of the 2012 International Snow Science Workshop, Anchorage, Alaska. [ Article]
Borish, M., K.W. Birkeland, S. Custer, S. Challendar, and J. Hendrikx. 2012. Surface hoar distribution at the scale of a helicopter skiing operation. Proceedings of the 2012 International Snow Science Workshop, Anchorage, Alaska. [ Article]
Eckerstorfer, M., W.R. Farnsworth, and K.W. Birkeland. 2012. Potential dry slab avalanche trigger zones on wind-affected slopes. Proceedings of the 2012 International Snow Science Workshop, Anchorage, Alaska. [ Article]
Elder, K. and 37 others. 2012. Meteorological tower design for severe weather and remote locations. Proceedings of the 2012 International Snow Science Workshop, Anchorage, Alaska. [ Article]
Guy, Z.M. and K.W. Birkeland. 2012. Avalanche trigger locations in complex terrain. Proceedings of the 2012 International Snow Science Workshop, Anchorage, Alaska. [ Article]
Marienthal, A., J. Hendrikx, D. Chabot, P. Maleski, and K.W. Birkeland. 2012. Depth hoar, avalanches, and wet slabs: A case study of the historic March 2012 wet slab avalanche cycle at Bridger Bowl, Montana. Proceedings of the 2012 International Snow Science Workshop, Anchorage, Alaska. [ Article]
Shea, C., B. Jamieson, and K.W. Birkeland. 2012. Using a thermal imager to quantify buried thermal structure in natural snow. Proceedings of the 2012 International Snow Science Workshop, Anchorage, Alaska. [ Article]
Shea, C., B. Jamieson, and K.W. Birkeland. 2012. The life of a shallow snowpack. Poster showing the weekly and, for one day, the hourly thermal evolution of a thin Canadian snowpack during the 2010/11 winter [ Poster]
Shea, C., B. Jamieson, and K.W. Birkeland. 2012. Hot crust, cold crust. The Avalanche Review 30(3), 28. [ Article]
Simenhois, R., K.W. Birkeland, and A. van Herwijnen. 2012. Measurements of ECT scores and crack-face friction in non-persistent weak layers: What are the implications for practitioners? Proceedings of the 2012 International Snow Science Workshop, Anchorage, Alaska. [ Article]
Wieland, M., J. Hendrikx, and K.W. Birkeland. 2012. The effectiveness of boot packing for snowpack stabilization. Proceedings of the 2012 International Snow Science Workshop, Anchorage, Alaska. [ Article]
Wooldridge, R.E., J. Hendrikx, D.A. Miller, and K.W. Birkeland. The effects of explosives on the physical properties of snow. Proceedings of the 2012 International Snow Science Workshop, Anchorage, Alaska. [ Article] |
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2011
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Birkeland, K.W. and E. Greene. 2011. Accurately assessing avalanche size: The ins and outs of the R- and D-scales. The Avalanche Review 29(3), 27, 32. [ Article]
Chabot, D. 2011. Promoting avalanche awareness in the snowmobile capital of the world. The Avalanche Review 29(3), 14-15. [ Article]
Simenhois, R. and K.W. Birkeland. 2011. The effect of changing snowpack and terrain factors on ECT results. The Avalanche Review 29(3), 1, 22-23. [ Article] |
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2010
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Birkeland, K.W., R. Simenhois, and J. Heierli. 2010. The effect of changing slope angle on extended column test results: Can we dig pits in safer locations? Proceedings of the 2010 International Snow Science Workshop, Squaw Valley, California. [ Article]
Borish, M., K.W. Birkeland, S. Challender, and S. Custer. 2010. The spatial distribution of two surface hoar events in the Chilkat and Takhinsha Mountains of southeast Alaska. Proceedings of the 2010 International Snow Science Workshop, Squaw Valley, California. [ Article]
Chabot, D., M. Staples, K.W. Birkeland, and E. Knoff. 2010. 2010 Saddle Peak Avalanche: Sidecountry challenges, misconceptions, and lessons learned. Proceedings of the 2010 International Snow Science Workshop, Squaw Valley, California. [ Article]
Ferber, G., and D. Abromeit. Survey of U.S. avalanche centers. Proceedings of the 2010 International Snow Science Workshop, Squaw Valley, California. [ Article]
Guy, Z.M. and K.W. Birkeland. 2010. Spatial variability in steep couloirs: Weak layer variation with respect to wind direction. Proceedings of the 2010 International Snow Science Workshop, Squaw Valley, California. [ Article]
Heierli, J., K.W. Birkeland, R. Simenhois, and P. Gumbsch. 2010. New insights into skier-triggering of slab avalanches. Proceedings of the 2010 International Snow Science Workshop, Squaw Valley, California. [ Article]
Hendrikx, J., A. Hobman and K.W. Birkeland. 2010. I'll have mine shaken, not loaded: Earthquake-induced avalanching in Canterbury, New Zealand. The Avalanche Review 29(2), 22-24. [ Article]
Simenhois, R. and K.W. Birkeland. 2010. The effect of additional snow load on Extended Column Test and Propagation Saw Test results. Proceedings of the 2010 International Snow Science Workshop, Squaw Valley, California. [ Article]
Simenhois, R. and K.W. Birkeland. 2010. Meteorological and environmental observations from three glide avalanche cycles and resulting hazard mitigation techniques. Proceedings of the 2010 International Snow Science Workshop, Squaw Valley, California. [ Article]
Statham, G., P. Haegeli, K.W. Birkeland, E. Greene, C. Israelson, B. Tremper, C. Stethem, B. McMahon, B. White, and J. Kelly. 2010. The North American avalanche danger scale. Proceedings of the 2010 International Snow Science Workshop, Squaw Valley, California. [ Article]
Statham, G., P. Haegeli, K.W. Birkeland, E. Greene, C. Israelson, B. Tremper, C. Stethem, B. McMahon, B. White, and J. Kelly. 2010. A conceptual model of avalanche hazard. Proceedings of the 2010 International Snow Science Workshop, Squaw Valley, California. [ Abstract] |
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2009
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Bair, E.H., K.W. Birkeland, and J. Dozier. 2009. In-situ and photogrammetric measurements of avalanche crown transects. Proceedings of the 2009 International Snow Science Workshop, Davos, Switzerland, 395-399. [ Article]
Hendrikx, J. and K.W. Birkeland. 2009. Spatial variability and the extended column test: Results from Mount Hutt. The Crystal Ball 18(3), 17-20. [ Article] |
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2008
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Bair, E.H., J. Dozier, and K.W. Birkeland. 2008. Avalanche crown depth distributions. Proceedings of the 2008 International Snow Science Workshop, Whistler, British Columbia, Canada. [Extended abstract]
Birkeland, K.W., P. Bartelt, and T. Meiners. 2008. Avalanche survival strategies for different parts of a flowing avalanche: Merging theory and practice to increase your odds. The Avalanche Review 26(3), February, 2008. [ Article]
Birkeland, K.W., T. Meiners, and P. Bartelt. 2008. Avalanche survival strategies for different parts of a flowing avalanche. Proceedings of the 2008 International Snow Science Workshop, Whistler, British Columbia, Canada. [ Article]
Birkeland, K.W. and R. Simenhois. 2008. The extended column test: Test effectiveness, spatial variability, and comparison with the propagation saw test. Proceedings of the 2008 International Snow Science Workshop, Whistler, British Columbia, Canada. [ Article]
Hendrikx, J. and K.W. Birkeland. 2008. Slope scale spatial variability across time and space: Comparison of results from two different snow climates. Proceedings of the 2008 International Snow Science Workshop, Whistler, British Columbia, Canada. [ Article]
Lutz, E., K.W. Birkeland, H.-P. Marshall, and K. Hansen. 2008. Quantifying changes in weak layer microstructure associated with loading events. Proceedings of the 2008 International Snow Science Workshop, Whistler, British Columbia, Canada. [ Article]
Marshall, H.-P., K.W. Birkeland, K. Elder, and T. Meiners. 2008. Helicopter-based microwave radar measurements in alpine terrain. Proceedings of the 2008 International Snow Science Workshop, Whistler, British Columbia, Canada. [ Article]
Mullen, R. and K.W. Birkeland. 2008. Mixed effect and spatial correlation models for analyzing a regional spatial dataset. Proceedings of the 2008 International Snow Science Workshop, Whistler, British Columbia, Canada. [ Article]
Naisbitt, A., R. Forster, K.W. Birkeland, and W.L. Harrison. 2008. Avalanche frequency and magnitude: Using power law exponents to investigate snow avalanche size proportions through time and space. Proceedings of the 2008 International Snow Science Workshop, Whistler, British Columbia, Canada. [ Article]
Peitzsch, E., K.W. Birkeland, and K.J. Hansen. 2008. Water movement and capillary barriers in a stratified and inclined snowpack. Proceedings of the 2008 International Snow Science Workshop, Whistler, British Columbia, Canada. [ Article]
Simenhois, R. and K.W. Birkeland. 2008. The effect of changing slab thickness on fracture propagation. Proceedings of the 2008 International Snow Science Workshop, Whistler, British Columbia, Canada. [ Article]
Simenhois, R. and K.W. Birkeland. 2008. Extended column test results during surface warming: Does surface warming affect fracture propagation potential? Proceedings of the 2008 International Snow Science Workshop, Whistler, British Columbia, Canada. [ Article] |
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2007
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Simenhois, R. and K.W. Birkeland. 2007. An update on the Extended Column Test: New recording standards and additional data analyses. The Avalanche Review 26(2), December, 2007. [Article] |
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2006
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Birkeland, K.W. and D. Chabot. 2006. Minimizing "false stable" stability test results: Why digging more snowpits is a good idea. Proceedings of the 2006 International Snow Science Workshop, Telluride, Colorado. [Article]
Birkeland, K.W., S. Savage, S. Trautman, K. Kronholm, S. Logan, and J. Schweizer. 2006. Uncertainties in assessing the stability of fractured slopes. Proceedings of the 2006 International Snow Science Workshop, Telluride, Colorado. [Article]
Greene, E. T. Wiesinger, K.W. Birkeland, C. Coléou, A. Jones, and G. Statham. Fatal avalanche accidents and forecasted danger levels: Pattern in the United States, Canada, Switzerland, and France. Proceedings of the 2006 International Snow Science Workshop, Telluride, Colorado. [Article]
Lutz, E., K.W. Birkeland, M. Schneebeli, K.J. Hansen, and K. Kronholm. 2006. Associations between shear strength of a buried surface hoar layer and stratigraphic, topographic and vegetation characteristics on a "uniform" slope. Proceedings of the 2006 International Snow Science Workshop, Telluride, Colorado. [Extended abstract]
McCollister, C. and K.W. Birkeland. 2006. Using geographic information systems for avalanche work. The Avalanche Review, Vol. 24, No. 4 [Article (large file!) - 14 MB]
Schweizer, J., K. Kronholm, J.B. Jamieson, and K. Birkeland. 2006. Spatial variability - So what? Proceedings of the 2006 International Snow Science Workshop, Telluride, Colorado. [Article]
Simenhois, R. and K.W. Birkeland. 2006. The extended column test: A field test for fracture initiation and propagation. Proceedings of the 2006 International Snow Science Workshop, Telluride, Colorado. [Article]
Trautman, S., E. Lutz, K.W. Birkeland, and S.G. Custer. 2006. Relating wet snow avalanching to surficial shear strength. Proceedings of the 2006 International Snow Science Workshop, Telluride, Colorado. [Article - 5.5 MB] |
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2005
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Mock, C.J., K.W. Birkeland, J.J. Shinker, and M. Bergen. 2005. Snow avalanche climate and extremes of the western United States mountain ranges. Poster presented at the 2005 Meeting of the American Geophysical Union. [Poster] |
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2004
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Abromeit, D. 2004. United States military for avalanche control program: A short history in time. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Snow Monitoring and Avalanches, Manali, India, in press. [Article - 7.5 MB]
Birkeland, K.W. 2004. Comments on using shear quality and fracture character to improve stability test interpretation. The Avalanche Review, Vol. 23, No. 2. [Article]
Birkeland, K.W. and K. Kronholm. 2004. A comparison of the spatial patterns of penetration resistance of slabs and weak layers. Proceedings of the 2004 International Snow Science Workshop, Jackson Hole, Wyoming. [Extended abstract]
Birkeland, K., K. Kronholm, and S. Logan. 2004. A comparison of the spatal structure of the penetration resistance of snow layers in two different snow climates. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Snow Monitoring and Avalanches, Manali, India, in press. [Article]
Chabot, D., M. Kahrl, K. Birkeland, and C. Anker. 2004. Snowpilot: A "new school" tool for collecting, graphing, and databasing snowpit and avalanche occurrence data with a PDA. Proceedings of the 2004 International Snow Science Workshop, Jackson Hole, Wyoming. [Extended abstract]
Cooperstein, M., K. Birkeland, and K. Hansen. 2004. The effects of slope aspect on the formation of surface hoar and diurnally recrystallized near-surface faceted crystal: implications for avalanche forecasting. Proceedings of the 2004 International Snow Science Workshop, Jackson Hole, Wyoming. [Article]
Greene, E.M., K.W. Birkeland, K. Elder, G. Johnson, C. Landry, I. McCammon, M. Moore, D. Sharaf, C. Sterbenz, B. Tremper, and K. Williams. 2004. Snow, weather, and avalanches: Observational guidelines for avalanche programs in the United States. American Avalanche Association, Pagosa Springs, Colorado. 140 pp. [To view the guidelines, go here] [Article for ISSW Proceedings]
Kronholm, K. and K.W. Birkeland. 2004. Relating spatial variability to snow stability using a cellular automaton model initialized with field data. Proceedings of the 2004 International Snow Science Workshop, Jackson Hole, Wyoming. [Article]
Lutz, E.R., K.W. Birkeland, K. Kronholm, K. Hansen, and R. Aspinall. 2004. Correlating snow micro-structure with snow shear strength. Proceedings of the 2004 International Snow Science Workshop, Jackson Hole, Wyoming. [Extended abstract]
Logan, S., K. Birkeland, K. Kronholm, and K. Hansen. 2004. Temporal changes in the spatial variability of shear strength and stability. Proceedings of the 2004 International Snow Science Workshop, Jackson Hole, Wyoming. [Article]
Romig, J., S. Custer, K. Birkeland, and W. Locke. 2004. March wet avalanche prediction at Bridger Bowl Ski Area, Montana. Proceedings of the 2004 International Snow Science Workshop, Jackson Hole, Wyoming. [Article]
Trautman, S., S. Custer, and K. Birkeland. 2004. Investigations of melt-induced deformation in an isothermal snowpack. Proceedings of the 2004 International Snow Science Workshop, Jackson Hole, Wyoming. [Abstract] [Poster]
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2002
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Abromeit, D. and B. Cardozo. 2002. Avalanche accident case study: Persistent buried weak layer in the Central Idaho Mountains. Proceedings of the 2002 International Snow Science Workshop, Penticton, BC, Canada, 194-199. [Article]
Birkeland, K.W. and C.C. Landry. 2002. Changes in spatial patterns of snow stability through time. Proceedings of the 2002 International Snow Science Workshop, Penticton, BC, Canada, 482-490. [Article]
Birkeland, K.W. and C.C. Landry. 2002. Size/frequency power law relationships for several groups of snow avalanche paths. Proceedings of the 2002 International Snow Science Workshop, Penticton, BC, Canada, 31. [Article]
Deems, J., K. Birkeland, and K. Hansen. 2002. Topographic influence on the spatial patterns of snow temperature gradients in a mountain snowpack. Proceedings of the 2002 International Snow Science Workshop, Penticton, BC, Canada, 384-391. [Article]
Deems, J., K. Birkeland, and K. Hansen. 2002. Geographic variation in snow temperature gradients in a mountain snowpack. Proceedings of the 2002 Western Snow Conference, Granby, Colorado, May 20-23, 2002, p. 130-137. [Article]
Johnson, R.F. and K.W. Birkeland. 2002. Integrating shear quality into stability test results. Proceedings of the 2002 International Snow Science Workshop, Penticton, BC, Canada 508-513. [Article]
Kozak, M., K. Elder, K. Birkeland, C. Chapman. 2002. Investigating the relationship between slab hardness and the stuffblock stability test. The Avalanche Review, 21(2), 12-13.
Kozak, M., K. Elder, K. Birkeland, and P. Chapman. 2002. Predicting snow layer hardness with meteorological factors. Proceedings of the 2002 International Snow Science Workshop, Penticton, BC, Canada, 329-336. [Article]
Landry, C.C. and K.W. Birkeland. Scale invariant relationships for snow avalanches. Poster presented at the 2002 American Geophysical Union Conference, San Francisco, California, December, 2002. [Poster]
Landry, C., K. Birkeland, K. Hansen, J. Borkowski, R. Brown, and R. Aspinall. 2002. Snow stability on uniform slopes: Implications for extrapolation. Proceedings of the 2002 International Snow Science Workshop, Penticton, BC, Canada, 532-539. [Article]
McCollister, C., K. Birkeland, K. Hansen, R. Aspinall, R. Comey. 2002. A probabilistic technique for exploring multi-scale spatial patterns in historical avalanche data by combining GIS and meteorological nearest neighbors with an example from the Jackson Hole Ski Area, Wyoming. Proceedings of the 2002 International Snow Science Workshop, Penticton, BC, Canada, 109-116. [Article (2 MB)] |
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2000
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Birkeland, K.W. and D. Abromeit. 2000. The "new" Forest Service National Avalanche Center. The Avalanche Review 19(1):1-7.
Gassner, M., H.-J. Etter, K. Birkeland, and T. Leonard. 2000. NXD2000: An improved avalanche forecasting program based on the nearest neighbor method. Proceedings of the 2000 International Snow Science Workshop, Big Sky, Montana, 52-59.
Kozak, M., K. Elder, and K. Birkeland. 2000. The spatial and temporal variability of slab hardness. Proceedings of the 2000 International Snow Science Workshop, Big Sky, Montana, 115-120.
Lundy, C., R. Brown, E. Adams, K. Birkeland, M. Lehning. 2000. A statistical validation of the SNOWPACK model in a Montana climate. Proceedings of the 2000 International Snow Science Workshop, Big Sky, Montana, 259-265.
McCollister, C., K. Birkeland, K. Hansen, and R. Aspinall. 2000. Using GIS to visualize historical avalanche data. Proceedings of the 2000 International Snow Science Workshop, Big Sky, Montana, 439. |
| 1999 |
Mock, C.J. and K.W. Birkeland. 1999. Avalanche climate regions of the western United States: An update. The Avalanche Review 17(3):6-7. |
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1998
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Birkeland, K.W. 1998. Snow stability patterns throughout the Bridger Range, Montana. Proceedings of the 1998 International Snow Science Workshop, Sunriver, Oregon, 362-367.
Birkeland, K.W. 1998. Forming faceted crystals. The Beacon: A newletter for Friends of the CAIC, 3(1), 4-5.
Birkeland, K.W. 1998. Near-surface faceted crystals: Sometimes today's great skiing can become tomorrow's avalanche nightmare. The Avalanche Review, 17(1), 6-7. [Article]
Birkeland, K.W. 1998. The Gallatin National Forest Avalanche Center. The Avalanche Review, 16(4), 1-3.
Johnson, R.F. and K.W. Birkeland. Effectively using and interpreting stability tests. Proceedings of the 1998 International Snow Science Workshop, Sunriver, Oregon, 562-565.
Stock, J., K. Elder and K. Birkeland. Near-surface faceted crystals and their effect on snow stability, Red Mountain Pass Corridor, Colorado. Proceedings of the 66th Western Snow Conference, Snowbird, Utah, 143-146. |
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1996 |
Birkeland, K.W., R.F. Johnson, and D. Herzberg. 1996. The stuffblock snow stability test. U.S. Forest Service Missoula Technology Development Center publication 9623-2836-MTDC. [Report (2 MB)]
Birkeland, K.W., R.F. Johnson, and D.S. Schmidt. 1996. Near-surface faceted crystals: Conditions necessary for growth and contribution to avalanche formation, southwest Montana, U.S.A. Proceedings of the 1996 International Snow Science Workshop, Banff, Alberta, 75-79.
Birkeland, K.W. 1996. The effect of ski run cutting and artificial snowmaking on snow water equivalent at Big Sky Ski Area, Montana. Proceedings of the 64th Western Snow Conference, Bend, Oregon, 137-148.
Birkeland, K.W. 1996. Avalanche hazard analysis for the various alternatives, New World environmental impact statement, Gallatin National Forest, Bozeman, Montana, 25 pp. |
| 1994 |
Birkeland, K.W. and K. Elder. 1994. Snow science, necessary instruments, and the scientific method. The Avalanche Review, 12(6), 3-7. [Article]
Johnson, R.F. and K.W. Birkeland. 1994. The stuffblock: A simple and inexpensive snow stability test. Proceedings of the 1994 International Snow Science Workshop, Snowbird, Utah. |
| 1993 |
Birkeland, K.W. 1993. Recipe for starting a regional avalanche center. The Avalanche Review, 11(6), 4. |
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1992
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Birkeland, K.W. 1992. Avalanches and extreme snowmobilers. The Avalanche Review, 10(4), 1-3. [Article]
Birkeland, K.W. 1992. Anatomy of a snowmobile-triggered avalanche fatality. The Avalanche Review, 10(6), 5. [Article] |
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1990
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Brown, R.L. and K.W. Birkeland. 1990. A comparison of the digital resistograph with the RAM penetrometer. Proceedings of the 1990 International Snow Science Workshop, Bigfork, Montana, 19-30. |
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1988
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Birkeland, K.W. and T. Leonard. 1988. An inexpensive bomb tram for aerial detonations. The Avalanche Review, 6(4), 8. [Article] (for another article on bomb trams by Bridger Bowl's Ray Dombrowski from the same issue of The Avalanche Review, click here) |
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1987
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Birkeland, K.W. and J.C. Halfpenny. 1987. Winter Ecology. The Science Teacher 54, 42-46. [Article] |